The branch of transportation engineering which deals with planning,design,construction and maintenance of of air ports and other facilities for the operation of aircrafts is termed as airport engineering.The development of terminal facilities for ships and boats,their harbouring,repairs etc. are covered under harbour engineering .The design which comes under laying of railways lines are all comes railway engineering.These railway engineering also needs planning ,design and construction.
Tuesday, 20 January 2015
Economic activity and transport
The economic activity are the processes by means of which the products are utilized to satisfy human wants.Two important factor are
(i) Production or supply
(ii) Consumption for human wants or demand.
Man and his products are thus not bound to his local surroundings.The importance of transportation in economic activity is to be found in its effects on both human wants for goods and satisfaction through and distribution .While discussing the general effects of transportation,it may be said that the increased productivity and its efficient transportation can lower the cost of the products.The transportation cost is always an influencing factor on consumer price of commodities.
(i) Production or supply
(ii) Consumption for human wants or demand.
Man and his products are thus not bound to his local surroundings.The importance of transportation in economic activity is to be found in its effects on both human wants for goods and satisfaction through and distribution .While discussing the general effects of transportation,it may be said that the increased productivity and its efficient transportation can lower the cost of the products.The transportation cost is always an influencing factor on consumer price of commodities.
Monday, 19 January 2015
Social Effects of Transportation
Progress follows the lines of transportation.Population have always settled along the river shores,road sides and near railway stations.In the present concept of transportation network, this kind of ribbon development is greatly discouraged.Attempts are being made to decentralize the population centres away from the sides main transportation routes Thus town planning patterns are rapidly changing.To avoid congestion around populated areas sub urban living and industrial enterprise are developing.These suburbs and satellite towns,acting as counter manager should be linked up with rapid transmit systems.The Various social effects of transportation may be elaborated as follows:
(a) Sectionalism and Transportation:
Improved transportation has important implication in reducing sectionalism within the country and also outside the country.Under developed colonies and tribes are improving their living conditions since the distances have apparently been reduced with reduction in travel time.
More frequent travels in other part of the country and outside the country tend to increase the knowledge of the people from other sections of he society .The international understanding for better peace and order also improves with efficient network of transportation.
(b) Concentration of Population into Urban Areas:
The improved transportation network brings prosperity to the urban population .The prosperity and employment opportunities of urban areas attract the population from other areas resulting in enhanced economic activities.Adequate mass transportation facilities are needed to cater the internal movements in urban areas such as daily movements to and from factories,offices,schools,hospitals and other social needs. Efficient rapid transit facilities are necessary for sub-urban and inter city long distances travel for business needs,social visits and tourist activities.This also encourage the people to live in places away from their centres,thus helping to decrease the growth of slums in urban areas.In genera; the transportation facilities are essential for the well being of the community.
(c) Aspects of Safety,law and order:
Transport facilities are essential for rushing aids to areas affected by an emergency.To maintain law and order at home,it is required to have an efficient system of transport network.To defined defend the territory of the country against the external aggression and to guard the borders with foreign territories,transport facilities are needed connecting the farthest border area from head quarters or capitals.At times,this alone may be sufficient reason to develop a transport network
which may not involve any economic and social benefit directly.
which may not involve any economic and social benefit directly.
All Advantages of transportation may be summarized:
(i) Transportation is for advancement of the community.
(ii) Transportation is essential for economic prosperity and general development of the country,and
(iii) Transportation is essential for strategic movement in emergency for defence of the country and to maintain better law and order.
Saturday, 17 January 2015
Role of Transportation in Rural Development
With over 75 % of the population of the country living in the villages,the development in urban centres alone do not indicate the overall development of the country.Only with the improvement in transportation facilities in rural areas,there could be faster development of the rural centres .The Fertilizers and other inputs for agriculture and cottage industries could reach the rural population easily and similarly the products can be sold at the nearest marketing centres for remunerative price resulting in faster economic growth and decreased wastage.With improved facilities for education,health care and other social needs in the villages,the urge for migration to urban centres decreases,thus helping in balance development of the country as a whole.
Thursday, 15 January 2015
Different Modes of Transportation
Three basic modes of transport by land,water and air.Land has given scope for development of road ways and railways.Water and Air have developed water ways and air ways respectively.The road or the highways not only include the modern highway system but also the city streets,feeder roads and village roads ,Catering for wide range of road vehicles and the pedestrians. Railway have been developed both for long distance transportation and for urban travel.Waterways include oceans rivers,canals and lakes.
The Four Major mode of transportation are :
a) Road Ways
b) Rail Ways
c) Water Ways
d) Air Ways
No Pedestrians are allowed.
The transportation by air is the fastest among four modes .Air Travel also provides more comfort apart from saving in transportation time for the passengers and the goods between the airports.
Transportation by water is slowest among the four modes;but this mode needs minimum energy to haul unit load through unit distance.The transportation by water is possible between the ports on the sea routes or along the rivers and canals where land transportation facilities are included.
The transportation along the railway track advantages by railways between the stations both for the passengers and goods,particularly longer distances.These railway tracks cold serve as feeder system for transportation to interior parts and to intermediate localities between the railway stations.The Energy requirement to haul unit load through unit distance by the railway is only fraction of he required road.Therefore full advantage of this mode should be taken for the transportation of bulk goods along land where the railway facilities are available.
The transportation by road is the only mode cold give maximum service to one and all.
This mode has also maximum flexibility for travel with reference to route,direction,time and speed of travel etc. through any mode of vehicle.It is possible to provide door to door service only road transport.The other 3 mode of transportation viz., airways,waterways and railways have to depend on transportation of roads for the service to and from their respective terminals,airport, harbours or stations.The road net work is therefore needed not only to serve as feeder system for other modes of transportation and to supplement them,but also to provide independent facility for road travel by a well planned net work of roads throughout the country.
Through co-ordination between different modes of transportation is desirable,it is also necessary to permit a healthy competition between the different modes,as each one has widely varying characteristics.
The Four Major mode of transportation are :
a) Road Ways
b) Rail Ways
c) Water Ways
d) Air Ways
Road Ways:
The Way used by Cars,Motor Cycle,Cycle,Cars,Buses and Trucks on the Land is called as Road Ways.It will help in walking for pedestrians also through foot path.Rail Ways:
The Way By the Trains for Traveling and Transportation purpose on the Track is Called as Railways.No Pedestrians are allowed.
Water Ways:
The Way traveled through Boat,Ship and Sub Marine on Water is called Water Ways .Air Ways:
The Way traveled through flight and helicopter by air is called Air Ways.The transportation by air is the fastest among four modes .Air Travel also provides more comfort apart from saving in transportation time for the passengers and the goods between the airports.
Transportation by water is slowest among the four modes;but this mode needs minimum energy to haul unit load through unit distance.The transportation by water is possible between the ports on the sea routes or along the rivers and canals where land transportation facilities are included.
The transportation along the railway track advantages by railways between the stations both for the passengers and goods,particularly longer distances.These railway tracks cold serve as feeder system for transportation to interior parts and to intermediate localities between the railway stations.The Energy requirement to haul unit load through unit distance by the railway is only fraction of he required road.Therefore full advantage of this mode should be taken for the transportation of bulk goods along land where the railway facilities are available.
The transportation by road is the only mode cold give maximum service to one and all.
This mode has also maximum flexibility for travel with reference to route,direction,time and speed of travel etc. through any mode of vehicle.It is possible to provide door to door service only road transport.The other 3 mode of transportation viz., airways,waterways and railways have to depend on transportation of roads for the service to and from their respective terminals,airport, harbours or stations.The road net work is therefore needed not only to serve as feeder system for other modes of transportation and to supplement them,but also to provide independent facility for road travel by a well planned net work of roads throughout the country.
Through co-ordination between different modes of transportation is desirable,it is also necessary to permit a healthy competition between the different modes,as each one has widely varying characteristics.
Wednesday, 14 January 2015
Characteristics of Road Transport
It is an accepted fact that of all the modes the transportation,road transport is the nearest to the people.The passenger and the goods have to be first transported by road before reaching a railway station or a port or an airport.The road network alone could serve the remotest villages of the vast country like our.
The Characteristics of Road Transport are briefly listed here.
*Roads are used various types of road vehicles,like passenger cars,buses,trucks two and three wheeled automobiles ,pedal cycles and animal drawn vehicles.But railway tracks are used only by rail locomotives and wagons,water ways are used by only ships and boats
*Road transport requires a relatively small investment for the government.Motor vehicles are much cheaper than carriers like rail locomotives and wagons,water and air carriers. and air carriers.Construction and maintenance of roads is also cheaper than that of railway track,docks,harbours and airports.
*Road transport completely offer an freedom to road users to transfer the vehicles from one lane to another and to from one road to another according to the need and convenience.This flexibility of changes in location,direction,speed and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport.
*In particular for short distance travel,road transport saves time.Trains stop at junctions and main stations for comparatively longer time.
*Speed of movement is directly related with severity of accident.The road Safety decreases with increase dispersion in speed.Road Transport is subjected to high degree of accidents due to flexibility of movements offered to the user.Derailment of railway locomotives and air planes and air crashes are not uncommon.They are in fact more disastrous.
*Road transport is the only means of transport offer itself to the whole community.
*The Major defect of road is Traffic.
Traffic:It means the amount of vehicles using in given volume of road than average no.of vehicles.
It cause an irritation to passenger who were travelling.
Without proper maintenance fatal accidents may occur.
*Following of traffic rules or obeying of traffic conditions.
All road user must obey traffic rules that
"Green signal for "Proceeding"
"Red Signal for Stopping"
"Yellow Signal to Ready to Stop".
* Passengers are requested to wear helmet for two wheelers seat belt for four wheeler to eradicate accidents.
*Avoiding of Alcoholic driving.
*Follow signals given by other vehicles.
*Passenger advised to use public mode of Transportation.
* Avoid Cell phone Driving.
*Follow the instruction given by road authority about the particular road.
*Pedastrains are advised to use footpath and zebra crossings.
The Characteristics of Road Transport are briefly listed here.
*Roads are used various types of road vehicles,like passenger cars,buses,trucks two and three wheeled automobiles ,pedal cycles and animal drawn vehicles.But railway tracks are used only by rail locomotives and wagons,water ways are used by only ships and boats
*Road transport requires a relatively small investment for the government.Motor vehicles are much cheaper than carriers like rail locomotives and wagons,water and air carriers. and air carriers.Construction and maintenance of roads is also cheaper than that of railway track,docks,harbours and airports.
*Road transport completely offer an freedom to road users to transfer the vehicles from one lane to another and to from one road to another according to the need and convenience.This flexibility of changes in location,direction,speed and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport.
*In particular for short distance travel,road transport saves time.Trains stop at junctions and main stations for comparatively longer time.
*Speed of movement is directly related with severity of accident.The road Safety decreases with increase dispersion in speed.Road Transport is subjected to high degree of accidents due to flexibility of movements offered to the user.Derailment of railway locomotives and air planes and air crashes are not uncommon.They are in fact more disastrous.
*Road transport is the only means of transport offer itself to the whole community.
*The Major defect of road is Traffic.
Traffic:It means the amount of vehicles using in given volume of road than average no.of vehicles.
It cause an irritation to passenger who were travelling.
Without proper maintenance fatal accidents may occur.
Traffic Control
To Control following measure to eradicate traffic and its effects.*Following of traffic rules or obeying of traffic conditions.
All road user must obey traffic rules that
"Green signal for "Proceeding"
"Red Signal for Stopping"
"Yellow Signal to Ready to Stop".
* Passengers are requested to wear helmet for two wheelers seat belt for four wheeler to eradicate accidents.
*Avoiding of Alcoholic driving.
*Follow signals given by other vehicles.
*Passenger advised to use public mode of Transportation.
* Avoid Cell phone Driving.
*Follow the instruction given by road authority about the particular road.
*Pedastrains are advised to use footpath and zebra crossings.
Tuesday, 13 January 2015
Importance of Roads in India
Significance of Planned Roads Network
It may be said that Deficiency in the development in India has contributed greatly to the set backs in agricultural ,commercial and industrial sectors.It is essential to provide roads links between the villages and market centers.The prosperity around the urban areas alone do not reflects the economic progress con be achieved ,only if reasonably adequate transport facilities are made available between the villages and other district head quarters and commercial centers.The road networks have also to be supplemented with express ways to keep pace with requirement of uninterrupted movement of fast vehicles along the arterial roads.In general,developing countries have to raise their transportation system to a higher level both in terms of length and quality so as to meet the demand which is generated by the development plans.Also road development generates considerable employment potential.It is estimated by planning commission and the National Council of Applied Economic Research that RS 1000 Crores invested in roads would yield employment for six million persons.It has been shown that paved surface in reasonably good condition can contribute to 15%-40%
savings in vehicle cost operation.This is very significant from the point of view of energy crisis and conservation of petroleum fuel.Thus it is all more than important to construct and maintain road pavements in good condition.Revenue from the road transport from India has been much higher than the investment made on road development plans.Out of the estimated revenue of Rs.10,000 Crores from the road sector during the sixth five plan 1980-85,only Rs. 3439 Crores was provided for development in the country.There is a great need and considerable scope for development of road transportation in India.
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